Leibnizs theory of truth

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was one of the most celebrated thinkers and philosophers in Western thought in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. His work included studies and concepts in mathematics, ethics, theology, physics and most importantly-logic. His theories on the conceptions of truth and reason remain key pillars on theoretical studies to this day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since time immemorial, human beings have always been interested in knowing the conceptions behind human knowledge, intelligence, reality and truth. Plato himself was very concerned about the nature of these qualities in his study of logic (or analytics). However, the containment theory of truth by Leibniz remains a popular view of the nature of truth. According to Leibniz, truth is a product of two factors- a predicate and a subject. Leibniz theorize s that the truth about an individual’s quality is derived from the concept of the individual itself (Zalta 2). The simple version of the theory is that a predicate is true because of the existence of the subject. This means that any statement can be true since one only needs to relate the two individual aspects that form the predicate and subject. For example, when one makes a statement that ‘ this essay was written by a man, the subject here will be the man and the predicate is the act of writing. For this statement to be true, the writing must have been done by a man according to the speaker. Therefore once predicate and subject are linked, the statement becomes true without any attempt to rationalize it in terms of external correlatives. ‘S’ is ‘P’ is a general summary of the theory of truth; where ‘S’ is the subject and ‘P’ is the predicate. Leibniz (a) states that even for those statements that are not naturally i n the form of ‘S’ is ‘P’ could be restated to align themselves to the theory (226). Dorian gives a very good example, â€Å"Pam is writing this essay at 10:21 a.m. on November 9, 2009. This statement is true because writing this essay at this exact moment is part of the definition of Pam. That is, it is part of my essence as Pam to be writing this paper at this exact point in time. In this sense, writing this paper right now (predicate) is contained in the definition of me (subject)† (3). Leibniz goes further as to state that even for statements that show relationship or interconnection, they can be restated in a manner that shows that they refer to the subject and its inherent qualities.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore in a statement where Peter is older than John, the truth about Peter’s superior age continues to stand regardless of the fact that John exists or does not exist. Dorian finds this to be a ‘strange concept’ since it fails to give credence to the existence of extrinsic factors that could also influence the truth (3). From Leibniz’s theory of truth, various inferences can be drawn as to physical and metaphysical aspects. First, Leibniz (a) states that â€Å"nothing is without reason† (226). This is what is generally regarded as the Principle of Sufficient reason without which Leibniz (b) states that â€Å"the universe would not make any sense, and science and philosophy both would be impossible(66).† The Principle of Sufficient reason augments Leibniz’s theory of truth since if there existed something without a cause then there would be no link between â€Å"S† and â€Å"P† and the theory of truth would come to naught. Therefore Leibniz holds that all things whether physical or metaphysical have a sufficient reason for their existence whether kn own to man or not. Several interesting inferences can then be drawn from Leibniz’s school of thought. First, he seems to be advocating for a deterministic view of the world (Leibniz (c) 23). Since no two finite things can interact to bring cause i.e. since cause in itself is inherent in the subject, the only logical discourse that can be drawn from the theory is that God is the author of all things past, present and future. This means that there is what Dorian terms as ‘pre-established harmony’ in things (4). It thus follows that our view of the world as events happening in ‘real time’ is not a reality since they have already been scripted and are happening parallel to each other. Using the theory of truth, the only logical reason for this is that the mind and the body cannot also relate causally. Since all truths are thus a priori, vacuums and empty spaces do not exist. Additionally, the theory that atoms can exist in a free state is not true due to the indivisibility of matter. Each particle in matter has its own complex world and there is no simplicity in any being. Leibniz’s theory also dismisses the existence of space and states that it is an idea. This statement puts into doubt the existence of geometry and other ‘material-based’ studies. All kinds of materiality are also dismissed and there is infinity in matter. In short, Leibniz’s theory of truth eventually becomes extremely rationalist and shuns all kinds of empirical thought.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What bears most significance in Leibniz’s theory of truth is that the truth is already existent within the subject. Since there is no relation and causality between things, then naturally, it flows that God is the only cause. It means that He not only created the world as an infinite system, he also guides the intelligence and knowledge of the truth. In Leibniz’s (b) own words; â€Å"Now it is obvious that all true predication has some foundation in the nature of things, and when a proposition is not identical, that is to say when the predicate is not expressly included in the subject, it must be virtually included in it. This being so, we can say that the nature of an individual substance or of a complete being is to have a notion so complete that it is sufficient to include, and to allow the deduction of, all the predicates of the subject to which that notion is attributed† (8). The theory of truth and that of sufficient reason represent a one sided view of the nature of the world and the existence of truth and knowledge. Many critics have dismissed Leibniz’s work as being too ‘rationalist’ or too ‘religious’. Other scholars such as Hume have even come up with extremely opposite views instead focusing on the empirical and ig noring the rational (Dorian 7). Another argument has been that the theory of sufficient reason is a result of human imagination and things are actually not connected and where they are, it is random and coincidental. However, all this criticism cannot take away the fact that Leibniz’s work laid the foundation for modern theorists such as Immanuel Kant, whose theories are more widely celebrated. Works Cited Dorian, Pam. On the Nature of Truth: A comparative essay on Leibniz’ containment theory of truth and Hume’s distinction between ‘relations of ideas’ and ‘matters of fact. 11 Aug 2009. Web. www.personal.psu.edu/ped127/blogs/†¦e†¦/PHIL%20202%20PAPER.docx Leibniz, Gofffried (a). New Essays on Human Understanding (Edited and translated by Remnant and Bennett). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leibniz, Gofffried (b). Theodicy (Edited by Farrer, translated by Huggard). London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951. Print. Leibniz, Gofffried (c). The Correspondence with Clarke (Edited by Alexander). Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1956. Print. Zalta, Edward. (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts. Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy, 3 (2000): 137-183. Print. This essay on Leibniz’s theory of truth was written and submitted by user Fiona Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender

Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender Introduction The issue of gender and equality has been a subject of discussion for a long time in many parts of the world. Since gender is an outcome of socialization, various factors and agents of socialization contribute greatly to the heated debate of gender identity. Studies of Eschholz Bufkin (2001) record that media can be described as a site where the battle concerning gender related issues is fought.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is due to the fact that media is not only popular but also but also wide as it includes, print, audio, visual and audio visual. It is not easy to underestimate various roles played by the media. Nonetheless, scholars have raised a major concern concerning representation of gender in the media. Even through all media is affected by the challenge of gender representation, film and movie ind ustries are greatly affected by same. Several studies which have been conducted illustrate that movies and films are characterized by gender stereotype and violence. Before raising an accusing finger at the industry, it is important to note that the main aim of the industry is to make profit which is only achievable by meeting demands of the audience. However, that does not imply that the industry does not have a great role of ensuring that gender representation is done adequately. Nonetheless, with the current challenges that affect gender like people’s perception and lack of fixed gender identity, movies are challenged to represent gender accurately and balance between making profit and pleasing the audience. With that background in mind, this paper shall focus on various challenges experienced media in representing gender and ensuring that their targets are met. Background Information It is important to research on the trend of gender representation in various films to be in a position to understand various challenges that may have contributed to the situation. Various studies have been conducted to research on roles played by female characters in various movies and films. It is true that movies and films contain both female and male characters and they do play different and various roles. According to the studies of Gilpatric (2010), some people have been having a problem by roles played by women characters the action movies. Further studies indicated that in various action movies, it is rare to have female characters playing as hero and in case they appear, it is only in a romantic relationship. Worse still, even in a romantic relationship, there is usually a strong male character in control of everything. Results in a content analysis illustrated that even in films featuring male dominated professionals, women usually take lesser roles and more often that not, they are usually involved with love affairs.Advertising Looking for research pap er on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many films illustrate women as more feminine since they are displayed as sensitive, easy to manipulate and romantic. On the other hand, men are more masculine as they are illustrated as risk takers, athletic and more aggressive. Such results are clear indications that most of the movies are characterized by gender stereotype since most of the character traits displayed are masculine and feminine stereotypes. Challenges the Media Faces in Representing Gender People’s Perception on Gender The issue of gender is a controversial issue in all sectors. Therefore, it becomes a major challenge for the media to deal with an already controversial topic. In the current world, people have got their own understanding of gender roles. For instance, in many societies, men are viewed as superior to women and are associated with various masculine stereotype character traits. Likewi se, women are also viewed as inferior to men and more often than not, they are associated with feminine stereotype character traits like submissiveness and sensitivity. Moreover, the issue of gender stereotypes is a mater of concern not only to feminists but also to other people in the society. Therefore, people are always sensitive to any advert, film or movie that touches on gender issues. Given that people have their own perception of gender, they end up using the same in interpretation of various movies and films. This issue was well illustrated in the studies of Lee (2008) after carrying out a study to research on the interpretation of people on various marriages that are featured in Disney Films. The results of the study indicated that most of informants viewed marriages in the film in relation to their perception towards gender. For example, to the majority, men usually accomplish their goals without many hindrances while women have got a lot of obstacles to overcome. Althoug h some were able to point out that there are some personal preferences that hinder marriage, some we are still more focused on roles of women in the traditional set up as well as the unfair treatment of women. The issue of gender being a sensitive and controversial requires no emphasis. Moreover, the research has indicated that people have their own perception on gender and other same is prone to change. This is due to the fact that some women who were interviewed made their interpretations in relation to the traditional gender roles while others based their argument on the views present in the contemporary society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such a situation, it is a big challenge for the media and the film industry to adequately represent both genders when people have their own perception. Worse still, perceptions are not only diverse, but do change with time. It is clear that there is no satisfactory position that media can take even if it is expected to represent gender appropriately. Balancing Between Making Profits and Pleasing the Audience The foremost aim of the movie industry is making profits and it can only be achieved by making sure that the needs of the audience are met. To begin with, the audience comprises both males and females and all do posses different views concerning gender. Men enjoy most when they watch films that display women who are more submissive and less independent. On the contrary, women especially in the current world are more pleased when they watch films featuring independent women. The current era is characterized by transition from the traditional outlook of gender where women were inferior to men to the modern outlook where equality is emphasized. However, it is important to note that there are still some people in the society whose view on gender is determined by traditional beliefs and values. For instance, the study which was conducted in Disney marriages indicated that although some people in the society are more realistic when interpreting films, there are others who are guided by the traditional outlook of gender and gender roles (Lee 2008). Since there a lot of changes concerning the issues related to gender, the movie industry is expected to change accordingly which is a major challenge. It is a fact that women and men may have conflicting views on gender and gender roles. In addition the movie industry must meet the needs of both in order to make any profit. More often than not, movies that meet the needs of men may not end up meeting the needs of women. For instance, films like Tomb Raider featuring Lara Croft and the Kill Bill show that feature empowered women may evoke negative views from men whose perception on gender is defined by traditional outlook. On the other hand, the same movie may become very important to women of the post modernism era. Therefore, in such a situation, movie industry and movie makers are usually at a loss when deciding which position to take. Although it is argued that such films and movies are still making, either position taken just displays inappropriate gender representation. However, a critical analysis of the situation and issues present in the society concerning gender explain how hard it is to arrive at an appropriate representation (Smelik, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is no Fixed Gender Identity Gender identity refers to an individual’s perception in relation to either being male or female and the same may be different from the biological sex. However, to many people, gender identity is defined by the biological sex. It is important to note that currently there are some people who may be biologically females but do identify themselves as males. Similarly, there are other biological males who identify themselves as females. Such a situation is defined by studying various characteristics that define gender like gender roles. Apart from that, there are other people who are in between male and females and are usually referred to as transsexual. Although the situation may have been there before, it is more prevalent currently since as highlighted earlier, there is a change in gender roles and other characteristics that define gender. Therefore, when focusing about gender representation, it is not clear which gender is being focused on. In itially, there was a major problem in representing males and females as the only options of gender. Although studies of Gilpatric (2010) indicate that there has been an issue of gender misrepresentation in the movie industry, the worst hit is the advertisement industry. This is attributed to the fact that gender representation in advertising is characterized by sexism as most advertisements contain behaviours and attitudes that favour one gender. In most advertisements, women are usually illustrated as sexual objects. Studies of Cortese (2008) illustrate that most advertisements do not only help in bringing out the difference between men and women but also in illustrating the cultural assumption of most people that men are superior to women. The situation becomes worse when advertising beauty products since a beautiful woman is usually illustrated as tall, smooth and slender. Although masculinity is also displayed in the mass media through various advertisements, women are usually i llustrated sex objects. The world is also characterized by violence towards women and the advertising industry plays a very big role in the same. This is usually due to the advertisement of alcoholic beverages that promote violence against women. In addition, most of the advertisements contain pictures illustrating sexual violence. Studies of Eschholz Bufkin (2001) also illustrate that even other films and movies are characterized by violence. The case on advertising just illustrates how hard it has been to represent both males and females, no matter the necessity. It is explicit that dealing with males and females is a major problem. Therefore, lack of fixed gender identity complicates the issue even further. This is due to the fact that it is not obvious for a man to take the gender identifying of males and the same case applies to women. More to that the gender identity may change as a result of exposure to various factors that affect gender like the issue of culture which is no t only dynamic but also prone to change. Such factors make gender representation not only difficult, but also a complicated issue due to the fact that with the changing gender roles, it is difficult to mark appropriate gender representation. Conclusion The challenge of media in representing gender needs no emphasis although some believe that the media is not doing enough. This due to the fact that the issue of gender and gender roles is heavily affected by culture which is not only dynamic, but also prone to change. It is easier to conclude that media should embrace change especially in relation to gender roles in the society (Gauntlett, 2008). On the other hand, it bears noting that societies are very diverse. For example, in places like United States, a woman is viewed as independent and less submissive. In places like Asia as illustrated in the film ‘No Joy, No Luck’, the issue of submissiveness is not a stereotype but a fact (Hegedorn 1994). Therefore, it is questio nable how the Asian movies can fulfil the expectation of the audience and at the same time promote narcissism amongst women. In addition, in advertisement, studies of Cortese (2008) indicate that people are currently complaining against the advertisements which are offensive and the same was unheard of some years back. Bent on that, it is important to recognize that media has got many challenges in representing gender due to many factors like lack of fixed gender identity, peoples perception on culture as well as balancing between making profit and meeting the needs of the audience. Therefore, as much as there should be appropriate gender representation, there many hindrances which ought not to be overlooked References Cortese, A. J. (2008). Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Eschholz, S. Bufkin, J. (2001). Crime in the Movies: Investigating the Efficacy of Measures of Both Sex and Gender for Predicting Victimization and Offending in Film. Sociological Forum, 16 (4), 655-676. Gauntlett, D. (2008). Media, gender and identity: an introduction. Abingdon: Taylor Francis. Gilpatric, K. (2010). Violent Female Action Characters in Contemporary American Cinema. Sex Roles, 62, 734–746. Hagedorn, J. (1994). Asian Women in Film, No Joy, No Luck. Academic Research Library, 4 (4), 74-80. Lee, L. (2008). Understanding Gender through Disney’s Marriages: A Study of Young Korean Immigrant Girls. Early Childhood Educ (36), 11-18. Smelik, A. (2010). Lara Croft: Kill Bill and the Battle for Theory in Feminists Film Studies. Singapore Management University.

Lying and Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lying and Justice - Coursework Example The justice system depends on the truth that has to be subjected to a legal search. In contrast, lying is a grave violation of the justice. Legally, lying is one form of obstruction of justice. Anyone who lies to the authorities upon questioning during the investigation of the criminal activities is liable to obstruction of justice. Liars violate the social justice. The people who give false information to the court or the investigators are liable for perjury. Perjury is a serious crime because the trust and credibility are significant foundations of the justice system (Ho, 2008). In essence, lying is a crime against justice, and the violator compromises grand juries, public officials, the authority of court systems, and governing bodies. The jury can detect the element of lies when the testimony conflicts directly with verifiable information. In cases where the witnesses might unintentionally offer falsehoods in good faith, the prosecutors must prove the intention to mislead the justice system. The inveterate liars violate the virtue of justice. Justice is overwhelming virtue of societies and individuals. Thus, the liars contravene the virtue of

Prcis of journal article Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prcis of journal article - Term Paper Example From the onset, this article is setting the tone for change as a challenging form of opposition related to achieving corporate goals so that the ready fully understands the nature of change in a dynamic organization. The authors refute the pre-existing notion that change can be classified under logical characterization perceptions and even indicate that resistance may be caused by the change agents themselves through their own actions or misguided principles in use for change practices. Change is proposed to be a reaction to the relationship between the change recipients and the agent based on the quality of the relationship dynamics between the two (or lack thereof). The authors are suggesting that when change agents automatically believe that all resistance to change objectives are negative, they miss out on opportunities to halt resistance in a more positive method. The article is challenging the notion that change is a predictable situation occurring of phenomena that is removed from the presence of the change agent, with the agent taking a role as that of a metaphorical umpire that simply dictates compliance using structured methods to combat change. Rather, the article imposes on the reader that change resistance is invariably linked to the attitudes or behavior of the change agent and cannot be separated in all instances where resistance is present. This is an interesting notion considering that most researchers define change resistance from a sort of orderly and predictable pattern of behavior, usually psychologically-based, that has defined and structured methods of combating it. Instead, this article takes a more realistic viewpoint about resistance by defining it as being ambiguous and somewhat unique to the organizational culture that resides at the business or organization. ANALYSIS RELATED TO CHANGE RESISTANCE The article describes the phenomenon of the self-fulfilling prophecy which is essentially when beliefs or attitudes about a situation or em ployee population have a direct form of bias on behavior or method in management or in reducing resistance to change. A self-fulfilling prophecy is one where an individual believes that a certain outcome is going to occur and, through their own actions, bring this consequence to reality. When someone carries these attitudes, expecting automatically to find resistance in a new change effort, resistance will likely be the outcome (Ford, et al.). There is a danger in this type of thinking as pre-set, biased, and false beliefs that resistance will absolutely be a product of change agent efforts will lead the change agent to act somewhat deceptively in the process of creating new change policies. The article indicates they might hide concepts or build irrational systems to combat change, based solely on their perceptions, thus leading to resistance through these efforts. This is an interesting point of view and it makes sense considering that such attitudes can have a direct impact on be havioral approaches. Pre-established and false notions related to resistance expectations would have a broader impact on psychology and the social dynamics associated with new change principles, and thus the notion of the self-fulfilling prophecy would seem to be supported by most psychologically-based literature on human behavior. Further, the article

The Lottery Essay Example for Free

The Lottery Essay Many traditions passed down through generations have little to no significance in society, most traditions are passed down overtime because certain individuals are afraid of the consequences. In a small village, there is a yearly tradition that randomly selects one individual to be stoned by the entire village. This tradition is known as â€Å"The Lottery.† In â€Å"The Lottery,† Shirley Jackson combines foreshadowing with a comforting tone thus both concealing and revealing the shocking ending. Shirley Jackson’s use of a benevolent tone leaves readers unsuspecting of the ironic ending. As the story begins, the setting is described as â€Å"clear,† â€Å"warm,† and â€Å"sunny.† This entrance immediately creates the relaxing imagery of a beautiful day. As the villagers gather, the children began to â€Å"play.† Their playfulness show they have no inhibitions or worries. The Lottery is organized like the â€Å"square dances,† â€Å"teen club,† and â€Å"the Halloween program† as one of the â€Å"civic activities.† The Lottery is presented as a civic activity for the benefit of the people. It is also called a lottery, where lotteries are generally associated with good luck and fortune. Readers can assume â€Å"The Lottery† is also a sign of good luck and fortune. Jackson’s placement of details sets a positive tone for the story along with a mixture of foreshadowing. Jackson foreshadows the surprising ending. As more families are gathering the men’s â€Å"Jokes were quiet and they smiled rather than laughed.† Their actions reflect that something is on all of their minds, making them uncomfortable. As Mr. Summers begins to set up the box and stool, he asks for help, there was â€Å"hesitation.† This makes the reader question, why would anyone hesitate to help? As Mr. Adams and old man Warner converse, Mr. Adams says that in the â€Å"north village† they are deciding if they should get rid of â€Å"the Lottery. For what reason would they want to give up a tradition that has been continued for many years. The lottery must be in some way unfavorable if the other village considers giving it up. The actions and conversations of villagers begin to show the true nature of the lottery. - Through the combination of foreshadowing and setting a comforting tone,  Shirley Jackson reveals but also conceals the surprising ending. To conceal, Jackson describes settings and uses the idea of a lottery to set a positive tone of the story. But she also places hints like the behavior of the villagers, to foreshadow the true nature of the lottery. Her use of these literary techniques, make the reader wonder and better enjoy the story. -

A Man Called Horse Character Analysis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothy Johnson in â€Å"A Man Called Horse† writes about a young man who was born and raised in Boston. He lives in a gracious home under his grandmothers and grandfather’s loving care. For some reason, he is discontent. He leaves home to try to find out the reason for his discontent. Upon leaving he undergoes a change in status and opinion of himself and others. He begins a wealthy young man arrogant and spoiled, becomes a captive of Crow Indians- docile and humble, and emerges a man equal to all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The young man begins the story wealthy and spoiled. Johnson in the opening paragraphs suggest that the protagonist is just a wealthy and spoiled young man. He is just in search for a new life, â€Å"...he still brooded about his status in the world, longing for his equals.† So he decided to travel out West in search for these equals. Even though his â€Å"...father had raged and his grandmother had cried...†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon leaving Boston, the young man’s status and attitude change drastically. He becomes a captive of Crow Indians who treat him badly. He becomes property of a â€Å"...scrawny, shrieking, eternally busy old woman with ragged graying hair..† He must gain her trust to earn more freedom around the camp and such. During this time he was â€Å"...finding out what loneliness could be.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He earns a future, and in his final stage of transformation becomes a man equal to all. This happens after he marries Pretty Calf and understands their customs and traditions. The captive was like a horse all summer, â€Å"...docile bearer of burdens, careful and patient..† Until he earned trust that is.

Police Essay

Police generally perceive the risk of injury, assault, and even death to be greatest for domestic violence calls. Why do police have these beliefs, and what is the reality of the situation? When responding to calls few inspire more dread among police officers than answering to a domestic call. Police have generally the perception of risk of injury, assault and even death. There is always this perception among police officers when answering domestic calls. Such perception cannot be avoided because domestic calls most often than not have the element of unpredictability. Emotions are high and this can run even higher if coupled with drugs and alcohol. Indeed, responding to a domestic call can be very risky on the part of the police officers. When they respond to such call, they are perceived as the threat instead of being the protector. Traditionally, a police officer would respond to a call and restore peace as soon as possible and then clear from the call. The community policing philosophy dictates that the officer review of the problem, analyze it and try to come up with a solution to the problem. (Denise Papagno). However, this theory is not realistic at all. Upon responding to a domestic call, the police officer enters into a domestic abode as a protector, but in the eyes of the owners of the abode despite his good intentions, he will always be the intruder. Hence, the police officer cannot effectively do his job especially if the victim refuses to leave and instead would insist in not doing anything or even file a complaint for that matter. It is essentially difficult for police officers to face and respond to domestic calls as society now views domestic calls as a serious crime and not merely a private family quarrel. The fact that not all of the police are educated in handling domestic issues or why the victim does not leave her abuser or why the batterer abuses the victim. Because of this, the police fail to understand victims of domestic calls and are less inclined to help them in the next call. In your opinion, what is the most problematic myth associated with policing? Explain your answer. As early as the 18th century, police work or policing is associated in being a night watchman. The job basically entails maintaining order against threats to order itself – wild animals, fire or unruly behaviour. However, at the turn of the century, policing has evolved into something more than being a night watchman. Police not only has to maintain order in their respective communities but they are also tasked to solve and fight crimes. Hence, the notion that police can solve any crime reported to them grew. As crime fighters, this notion has proven to be an additional burden to policing. Even simple and private nuisances such as littering, drunkenness and unruly behaviour are called in and reported to the police. Hence, this takes up on the workload of policing instead of focusing more on the serious crime-solving work. But together with the notion of being crime-fighters came the myth of police brutality. The average citizen sees policemen as having â€Å"zero-tolerance†. For example, in domestic calls, instead of turning in their abuser, victims would opt not to do anything for fear of the police. If they fear their abusers, victims fear the police more. It does not help that there are also police mandates such as that of Rudy Giuliani who implemented a version of Broken Windows policing across New York City. Thus, policemen were tasked to become aggressive in stamping out public disorder such as drunkenness, jaywalking and noisiness. In reality however, policing is not just being brutal and aggressive towards those lawbreakers. The concept of â€Å"community policing† has made advancement in policing. Thus, police officers who are on foot patrol have elevated the common myth about policing because admittedly, an officer who is inside the squad car and safely sealed inside cannot relate with the other people from the neighbourhood.