Antibiotic Resistance Essays (350 words) - Evolutionary Biology

Antibiotic Resistance Darwin's theory of evolution can be explained like this; the environment acts as a selective agent, weeding out organisms less able to survive. Darwin described natural selection as a process in which organisms become better adapted to their environment. The organisms that evolved with beneficial variations are more likely to survive and reproduce, they pass on the favorable genetic material. Over time, the genetic composition of the species may become better able to escape being eaten or to capture prey. Do to such high demand for antibiotics around the world people have created their own antibiotic resistance and became immune to antibodies. At least half of the human use of antibiotics in the United States is unnecessary or inappropriate. For example, a patient demanding antibiotics for an illness that doesn't require them leads to a lot of unneeded drugs. Either the antibiotics are not needed at all, or it's the wrong dosage prescribed, or the wrong duration. More than 50 million pounds of antibiotics are produced in the United States every year. Forty percent of that total is given to animals, mostly to promote growth rather than treat disease. Antibiotic use is also rampant in agriculture. Drugs are sprayed on to fruit trees to prevent bacterial infections. The bad thing is, is that these bugs are developing a resistance to these drugs that once destroyed them. We are experiencing an alarming resurgence of common but no longer curable infections from bugs that developed resistance. This is by being too much involved with taking antibiotics for every little sickness and all other things that would require antibiotics. Another thing that would pose as a problem is the way that bacteria would evolve and adapt to our antibiotics. Darwin's theory can be related to antibiotic resistance in many ways. Through the years of using antibiotics against bacteria, we have seen that they usually get the job done. But as time progresses, so do the bacteria. As fast as we are producing the antibodies, the bacteria are adjusting to them faster. With all the antibiotics that humans take in, their bodies are becoming immune to the effects. Which is like Darwin's theory of natural selection; selecting out the organisms that cant adapt or adjust to the environment around them.

Free Essays on Exxon Valdex Oil Spill

On March 24, 1989 a 987 foot ship, the second newest in Exxon Shipping Company's 20-tanker fleet, was loaded with 53,094,510 gallons or 1,264,155 barrels of North Slope crude oil headed for Long Beach, California. Shortly after midnight, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker was grounded at the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska that ruptured eight of its eleven cargo tanks. As a result an estimated 11 million gallons or 257,000 barrels of crude oil spilled across 1,300 miles of the Alaskan coastline. This horrific event is considered one of the most publicized and studied environmental disasters in history. The Exxon Valdez spill is considered the number one spill worldwide for the most damage to the environment. Factors such as the timing of the spill, location, length of miles of shoreline, and the plentiful wildlife in the region altogether does not compare to other spills in terms of the environment. There were no human lives directly lost as a result of the oil spill but there were four deaths reported in the clean up efforts. After the spill, more than 35,000 bird carcasses and 1,000 sea otters were found after the spill. This is only considered to be a small fraction though, because most carcasses usually sink. But an estimated 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, up to 22 killer whales and billions of salmon and herring eggs died. Exxon and many concerned people wondered how such a terrible event could happen. Considering tankers had safely and successfully transferred crude oil at Prince William Sound more than 8,700 times in the past 12 years since oil began flowing through the trans-Alaska pipeline. It was discovered that the captain was seen in a local bar, and admitted to having some alcoholic drinks. Several hours after the accident, a blood test showed alcohol in the captain’s blood. The state charged him with operating a vessel while under the influence of alcohol. However, and ... Free Essays on Exxon Valdex Oil Spill Free Essays on Exxon Valdex Oil Spill On March 24, 1989 a 987 foot ship, the second newest in Exxon Shipping Company's 20-tanker fleet, was loaded with 53,094,510 gallons or 1,264,155 barrels of North Slope crude oil headed for Long Beach, California. Shortly after midnight, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker was grounded at the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska that ruptured eight of its eleven cargo tanks. As a result an estimated 11 million gallons or 257,000 barrels of crude oil spilled across 1,300 miles of the Alaskan coastline. This horrific event is considered one of the most publicized and studied environmental disasters in history. The Exxon Valdez spill is considered the number one spill worldwide for the most damage to the environment. Factors such as the timing of the spill, location, length of miles of shoreline, and the plentiful wildlife in the region altogether does not compare to other spills in terms of the environment. There were no human lives directly lost as a result of the oil spill but there were four deaths reported in the clean up efforts. After the spill, more than 35,000 bird carcasses and 1,000 sea otters were found after the spill. This is only considered to be a small fraction though, because most carcasses usually sink. But an estimated 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, up to 22 killer whales and billions of salmon and herring eggs died. Exxon and many concerned people wondered how such a terrible event could happen. Considering tankers had safely and successfully transferred crude oil at Prince William Sound more than 8,700 times in the past 12 years since oil began flowing through the trans-Alaska pipeline. It was discovered that the captain was seen in a local bar, and admitted to having some alcoholic drinks. Several hours after the accident, a blood test showed alcohol in the captain’s blood. The state charged him with operating a vessel while under the influence of alcohol. However, and ...

The Problem of Catch-Up in Developing Countries at the Level of the Essay

The Problem of Catch-Up in Developing Countries at the Level of the Nike In Relation To a Firm Level - Essay Example According to the research findings, the latter half of the 20th Century saw dramatic growth in industrial production and in the mass consumption in developing nations. The growth of industrial output in countries like China and India during this period was robust and to some extent, the process of catching-up also began in the technological field. The process is thus called "imitation to innovation" approach. This took place for the most part in traditional industries such as textiles and clothing and the earlier product generations of the machine tool and consumer electronics industries. Globalization has become increasingly important in determining the rate of economic growth, with estimations that emerging markets will account for a larger piece of the world economy by 2020. Studies suggest that the shift of labor-intensive production processes from regions like Western Europe to lower-cost economies will continue. In fact, it was during the 1980s that development theorists and pr actitioners began to re-conceptualize the catching up process, from one based primarily on the transfer of technology to one of learning to produce quality products efficiently. Evidence for the success of such a strategy was found in the growth of manufactured exports, notably from the Asian tigers. The indigenous manufacturing capabilities of such low-cost economies too are on an upward journey. These countries had progressively climbed the ladder in traditional industries such as textiles and clothing. This trend kept going even in consumer electronics, from low-cost assemblers of finished products to producers of higher value-added products, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and, in a couple of cases, own brand manufacturers who had mastered the process from product conceptualization to the market.